ABSTRACT
The Brazilian flora is known for its vast biodiversity; however, many species have been still little studied regarding to their chemical composition and biological potential. Thus, this study aimed to determine the antimicrobial, antioxidant and acaricidal activity of the extracts of leaves of Zanthoxylum caribaeum L. In addition, phytochemical screening of these extracts was carried out to determine the main classes of secondary metabolites present in Z. caribaeum. Using the Z. caribaeum leaves, aqueous and organic extracts were obtained using the following solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate). The antimicrobial activity of extracts was determined by broth microdilution method, and to detect antioxidant activity the method of capturing the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) was used. The acaricidal activity of the extracts was tested on Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Acari: Dermanissidae). Ethanolic and methanolic extracts presented antimicrobial activity for most of the bacterial strains tested, as well as for yeast Candida albicans. The ethanolic extract presented high free radical sequestration potential (71.2%) and antioxidant capacity (the lowest IC50 value - 24.39 µg mL-1). The crude extracts obtained with methanol and acetone were the most promising. In general, phytochemical screening indicated the presence of steroids, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids and xanthones.
A flora brasileira é conhecida pela sua vasta biodiversidade, no entanto, muitas espécies ainda são pouco estudadas quanto à composição química e ao potencial biológico. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a atividade antimicrobiana, antioxidante e acaricida dos extratos vegetais das folhas de Zanthoxylum caribaeum L. Adicionalmente, foi realizada triagem fotoquímica desses extratos para determinar as principais classes de metabólitos secundários presentes em Z. caribaeum. Empregando-se as folhas de Z. caribaeum foram obtidos o extrato aquoso e orgânicos, utilizando os seguintes solventes (etanol, metanol, hexano, acetona, diclorometano e acetato de etila). A atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, e para detecção da atividade antioxidante foi empregado o método de captura do radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picril hidrazil (DPPH). A atividade acaricida dos extratos foi avaliada frente a Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Acari: Dermanissidae). Os extratos brutos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para a maioria das cepas bacterianas testadas, e também para a levedura Candida albicans. O extrato etanólico apresentou elevado potencial de sequestro de radicais livres (71,2%) e o menor valor de IC50 (24,39µg mL-1), revelando, portanto, sua capacidade antioxidante. No que se refere à atividade acaricida, os extratos obtidos com metanol e acetona foram os mais promissores. De modo geral, a triagem fitoquímica indicou a presença de esteroides, flavanonas, flavonas, flavonóis, saponinas, taninos, triterpenóides e xantonas.
Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Zanthoxylum , Acaricides/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Leaves , Salmonella enterica/drug effects , Zanthoxylum/chemistry , Mites/drug effectsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of the volatile oils of three species of Croton, Euphorbiaceae, against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. The volatile oils were obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID and their acaricidal activity was evaluated by the larval packet test and adult immersion test. The volatile oils from Croton conduplicatus Kunth, Croton pulegiodorus Baill., and two different collections of Croton grewioides Baill. (CG1 and CG2) showed eucalyptol (24.09%), p-cymene (23.13%) and methyl chavicol (83.59% and 95.38%) as the major compounds, respectively. All the volatile oils tested in this study showed efficacy against larvae and engorged females of Rhipicephalus microplus. Therefore, Croton pulegiodorus volatile oil is promising for a potential acaricidal formulation because of the best activity against both stages of the cattle tick.
ABSTRACT
In vitro bioassay using Sarcoptes scabiei as a test microorganism is a viable method of study for diverse drugs with acaricidal properties. A great amount of assays proves the diverse and efficient biological activity of extracts and compounds from Brazilian savanna plants. This study had as main object, test and compare the acaricidal activity of four Brazilian Cerrado bioproducts: Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart., Copaifera sp., Lafoensia pacari A. St Hil. and Pterodon emarginatus Vogel, 1837. To perform this test S. scabiei mites were collected from crusts removed on ears of highly infected sows. The mites were selected and separated in Petri dishes with three different concentrations (25, 50 and 75%) of each bioproduct, to evaluate their potential acaricidal activity. The mortality of the mites was counted in each Petri dish every hour, during five hours. The statistical analyses demonstrated differences between the bioproducts tested. The oleoresin of Copaifera sp. and P. emarginatus presented the best results with 100% of mites mortality after treatment. The ethanolic extracts of S. adstringens and L. pacari demonstrated lower acaricidal activity when compared to the oleoresins, with little or no difference among the control groups tested. This bioassay demonstrated to be efficient, reliable, low cost and easy accomplishment. Oil resins from Copaifera sp. and P. emarginatus have in vitro acaricidal activity against adult females of S. scabiei var. suis.(AU)
O uso de Sarcoptes scabiei como microrganismo teste para bioensaio in vitro é um método de estudo viável para diversas drogas acaricidas. Muitos ensaios comprovam a diversidade e eficiência de atividade biocida de extratos e componentes presentes em plantas do cerrado brasileiro. Este trabalho objetivou testar e comparar a atividade acaricida de quatro bioprodutos do cerrado brasileiro: Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart., Lafoensia pacari A. St Hil., Copaifera sp. e Pterodon emarginatus Vogel, 1837. Para este estudo, ácaros S. scabiei foram colhidos em crostas removidas de orelhas de fêmeas suínas altamente infestadas. Os ácaros foram selecionados, separados e colocados em placas de Petri com três diferentes concentrações (25, 50 e 75%) de bioprodutos, para avaliar o potencial de atividade acaricida de cada um. Foi realizada a contagem da mortalidade dos ácaros em cada placa de Petri a cada hora, durante cinco horas. As análises estatísticas demonstraram diferenças entre os bioprodutos testados. As óleo-resinas de Copaifera sp. e P. emarginatus apresentaram os melhores resultados, com 100% de mortalidade dos ácaros após tratamento. Os extratos etanólicos de S. adstringens Mart. e L. pacari demonstraram menor atividade acaricida quando comparados as óleo-resinas, com pequena ou nenhuma diferença entre os resultados dos grupos controle. Este ensaio demonstrou ser uma ferramenta eficiente, confiável, de baixo custo e de fácil realização. As óleo-resinas Copaifera sp. e P. emarginatus possuem atividade acaricida in vitro sobre fêmeas adultas de S. scabiei var. suis.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Sarcoptes scabiei , Stryphnodendron barbatimam/analysis , Acaricides , Fabaceae , Resins, Plant/analysis , Biological Assay , Plant Extracts/therapeutic useABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Essential oils from the leaves of two species of the genus Ocotea that occur in the Atlantic Forest in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The acaricidal activity of these oils as well as 11 selected components and blends were evaluated in fumigation and residual contact tests against the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Sixty-seven constituents were identified, totaling 97.3 ± 0.3% and 97.8 ± 0.5% of the oils from O. duckei and O. glomerata, respectively. Sesquiterpene was the dominant class. The compounds β-caryophyllene (18.6 ± 0.1%) and aromadendrene (17.3 ± 0.6%) were the main constituents of the oils from O. duckei and O. glomerata, respectively. Acaricidal action varied depending on the method employed, species and chemical nature of the selected constituents. The mites were susceptible to the oils and chemical constituents using the fumigation method. The O. duckei oil was respectively 2.5-fold and 1.5-fold more toxic than the O. glomerata oil using the fumigation and residual contact methods. Among the selected constituents, β-caryophyllene was the most toxic, independently of the method employed. The individual toxicity of the selected compounds and their blends as well as the role of these constituents in the overall toxicity of the essential oils are also discussed.
Subject(s)
Animals , Terpenes/toxicity , Oils, Volatile/toxicity , Ocotea/chemistry , Tetranychidae/drug effects , Acaricides/toxicity , Terpenes/isolation & purification , Brazil , Acaricides/isolation & purification , Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil obtained from roots of Derrisfloribunda (D.floribunda) (Miq.) Benth,and its main constituent nerolidol against the Mexican mite Tetranychus mexicanus (T.mexicanus) (McGregor).Methods:The essential oil from the roots of D.floribunda collected in the Amazon region (Brazil) was obtained by hydrodistillation.Its chemical composition was determined by GC-MS analysis.The acaricidal activities of this essential oil and nerolidol,were evaluated by recording the number of dead females (mortality) and eggs (fertility).Results:The essential oil showed sesquiterpenes as major volatile components.Nerolidol,the main component,represented 68.5％ of the total composition of the essential oil.D.floribunda essential oil and nerolidol showed acaricidal activity,with LC50 of 9.61 μg/mL air and 9.2 μg/mL air,respectively,over a 72 h period.In addition,both the essential oil and nerolidol significantly reduced the fecundity of T.mexicanus.Contusions:Due to the economic importance of T.mexicanus and the lack of new pesticides,our data are very promising in the search for efficient and safer acaricidal products.Furthermore,this is the first report about the chemical composition and bioactivity of the essential oil of the Amazon plant species D.floribunda.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil obtained from roots of Derris floribunda (D. floribunda) (Miq.) Benth, and its main constituent nerolidol against the Mexican mite Tetranychus mexicanus (T. mexicanus) (McGregor). Methods The essential oil from the roots of D. floribunda collected in the Amazon region (Brazil) was obtained by hydrodistillation. Its chemical composition was determined by GC–MS analysis. The acaricidal activities of this essential oil and nerolidol, were evaluated by recording the number of dead females (mortality) and eggs (fertility). Results The essential oil showed sesquiterpenes as major volatile components. Nerolidol, the main component, represented 68.5% of the total composition of the essential oil. D. floribunda essential oil and nerolidol showed acaricidal activity, with LC
ABSTRACT
Dermotophagoides farinae lives in the indoor environment of houses, where it is source of allergens; therefore its control is a priority in preventing respiratory allergies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of essential oil of Croton malambo H. Karst bark and their components methyl-eugenol and methyl-isoeugenol against Dermatophagoides farinae. The essential oil was obtained through hydro-distillation assisted by microwave radiation and analyzed by GC-MS. Acaricidal activity was assessed by dose- response bioassay, at different times, using benzyl benzoate as a positive control. The relative amount of methyl-eugenol and methyl- isoeugenol in the essential oil was 68.4 percent and 4.9 percent, respectively. The acaricidal activity was: essential oil > methyl-eugenol > benzyl benzoate > methyl-isoeugenol. The acaricidal properties of essential oil of Croton malambo bark and methyl-eugenol against Dermatophagoides farinae were established...
Dermatophagoides farinae habita en el interior de las casas, donde es fuente importante de alérgenos, por tanto su control es una prioridad en la prevención de alergias respiratoria. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad acaricida del aceite esencial de la corteza de Croton malambo H. Karst y sus componentes metil-eugenol y metil-isoeugenol contra Dermatophagoides farinae. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por hidrodestilación asistida por radiación de microondas y se analizó por CG-EM. La actividad acaricida se evaluó mediante bioensayo de dosis-respuesta a diferentes tiempos, usando benzoato de bencilo como control. La cantidad relativa de metil-eugenol y metil-isoeugenol en el aceite fue 68.4 por ciento y 4.9 por ciento, respectivamente. La actividad acaricida fue: aceite esencial > metil-eugenol > benzoato de bencilo > metil-isoeugenol. Se establecieron las propiedades acaricidas del aceite esencial de la corteza de Croton malambo y metil-eugenol contra Dermatophagoides farinae...
Subject(s)
Humans , Acaricides/pharmacology , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Croton/chemistry , Dermatophagoides farinae , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Anisoles/analysis , Plant Bark/chemistry , Eugenol/analysis , Eugenol/analogs & derivatives , Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to study the influence of essential oil fractionation on acaricidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus J.) and pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) essential oils were fractionated by vacuum distillation yielding fractions that were analyzed by the GC/MS. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the effect of the total essential oil and fractions on larvae of the cattle tick R. (B.) microplus. The fractions 04 and 05 of the C. winterianus essential oil were the most active showing LC50 values of 1.20 and 1.34 μL/mL, respectively. The LC50 of the total oil was 3.30 μL/mL while the effect of the fractions 01, 02 and 03 was less pronounced, with LC50 values of 4.37, 4.24 and 3.49 μL/mL, respectively. The fraction 03 of the S. molle essential oil was the most active showing LC50 value of 8.80 μL/mL while the fractions 01 and 02 did not show toxic effects on the larvae.
ABSTRACT
Los ácaros del polvo son fuente importante de alérgenos intradomiciliarios, por lo que su control biológico es una prioridad en la prevención y control de la sensibilización alérgica. El propósito de este trabajo fue obtener el aceite esencial de hojas de Cymbopongon citratus Stapf y evaluar su actividad acaricida sobre Dermatophagoides farinae. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por hidrodestilación y extracción con diclorometano. La composición química relativa del aceite fue determinada por CG-EM. Se realizaron bioensayos de concentración- respuesta en papeles filtros tratados con 5; 0,5; 0,05 y 0,005 µL del aceite esencial/cm² de papel. La ausencia de movimiento del ácaro al contacto con una aguja fina se tomó como indicador de muerte. El rendimiento de extracción del aceite fue 1,22% v/p de hojas frescas. El análisis de CG-EM reveló el citral (41,8% de geranial y 34,9% de neral) como componente mayoritario. El efecto tóxico del aceite esencial del C. citratus Stapf sobre el ácaro D. farinae fue proporcional a la concentración y tiempo de exposición. A una concentración de 0,5 µL/cm² de aceite esencial, el 46,67% de los ácaros murieron después de 60 minutos de exposición. Estos resultados permitieron comprobar una alta actividad tóxica del aceite esencial de C. citratus Stapf sobre el ácaro D. farinae, este efecto puede estar relacionado con la presencia del geranial y neral, monoterpenos análogos a la octopamina, un neurotransmisor periférico de insectos.
Dust mites are an important source of intradomiciliary allergens reason why their the biological control is a priority in the prevention and control of allergic sensitization. The purpose of this work was to obtain the essential oil of leaves of Cymbopongon citratus Stapf and evaluate its acaricidal activity on Dermatophagoides farinae mite. The essential oil was obtained through hydrodistillation and extraction with dichloromethane. The relative chemical composition of the oil was determined by GC-MS. Concentration-response bio essays were carried out in filter paper treated with 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 µL of essential oil/cm². The absence of dust mite movement when they touched with a fine needle was considered as an indicator of death. The oil extraction yield was 1.22 % v/w of fresh leaves. The GC-MS analysis revealed citral (41.8% of geranial over 34.9% of neral) as a major component. The toxic effect of the C. citratus Stapf essential oil on dust mites D. farinae was proportional to concentration and time exposure. Using a 0.5 µL/cm² concentration of essential oil, 46.67% of dust mites died after 60 minutes exposure. These results allowed the verification of a high toxic activity of C. citrates Stapf essential oil on D. farinae mites; this effect may be related to the presence of geranial and neral monoterpenes analogue to octopamine, an peripheral neurotransmitter in insect.
ABSTRACT
Essential oils from leaves and fruits of Protiumheptaphyllum collected in Tamandaré beach Pernambuco/Brazil were analysed by GC/MS and tested for toxicity and repellent effect against the two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). The major constituent identified in the fruits was alpha-terpinene (47.6 percent) whereas oil from leaf contained mainly sesquiterpenes such as 9-epi-caryophyllene (21.4 percent), trans-isolongifolanone (10.7 percent) and 14-hydroxi-9-epi-caryophyllene (16.7 percent). The fruit oil was found to be more effective against the mite when compared to the leaf oil. Both showed mortality properties and oviposition deterrence in higher concentration (10 µl.l-1 air), but only the essential oil from fruits induced repellence on T. urticae.
O óleo essencial das folhas e frutos de Protiumheptaphyllum coletada em Tamandaré-Pernambuco foi analisado por CG/EM e testado sua toxicidade e efeito repelente contra ácaro rajado (Tetranychus urticae). O constituinte majoritário identificado nos frutos foi alfa-terpineno (47,6 por cento) enquanto que nas folhas foram os sesquiterpenos 9-epi-cariofileno (21,4 por cento), trans-isolongifolanona (10,7 por cento) and 14-hidroxi-9-epi-cariofileno (16,7 por cento). O óleo dos frutos foi mais eficiente contra o ácaro, comparado com o óleo das folhas. Ambos os óleos revelaram propriedades de mortalidade e deterrência de oviposição na maior concentração (10 µl.l-1 air) e apenas o óleo essencial dos frutos induziu repelência no T. urticae.